Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is a relatively rare but serious condition that often develops gradually, and its early symptoms can be subtle. In this article, we will discuss what is the first sign of multiple myeloma and how it is diagnosed.
The Initial Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma:
Multiple myeloma may not show noticeable symptoms in its early stages, which is why it is often discovered when it has advanced. However, as the disease progresses, several signs and symptoms may begin to appear. These can include:
Bone Pain: Bone pain is a common early symptom of multiple myeloma. It is often described as a persistent, deep, aching pain, commonly in the back, ribs, hips, and skull. This pain may worsen with movement or at night.
Fatigue: Generalized fatigue and weakness can be early indicators. Patients may experience a decrease in energy levels and overall stamina.
Frequent Infections: Multiple myeloma can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections.
Anemia: Anemia, a shortage of red blood cells, can lead to symptoms like fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, and weakness.
Kidney Problems: As the disease progresses, it can damage the kidneys, leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fluid retention, which can cause swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Some individuals may experience unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, and a general feeling of sickness.
Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms may occur due to kidney problems, high levels of calcium in the blood, or the buildup of toxic substances.
Neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy, characterized by numbness, tingling, or weakness in the extremities, can occur as the cancer affects nerves.
Diagnosing Multiple Myeloma:
Diagnosing multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and a series of tests, which may include:
Blood Tests: Blood tests can reveal abnormalities in the blood, such as elevated levels of calcium, low levels of red blood cells (anaemia), and elevated levels of specific proteins associated with multiple myeloma.
Urine Tests: A 24-hour urine collection may be conducted to check for abnormal proteins (M proteins) produced by myeloma cells.
Bone Marrow Biopsy: This is a crucial test for diagnosing multiple myeloma. A sample of bone marrow is taken from the hipbone or sternum and examined under a microscope to look for cancerous plasma cells.
Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be used to assess bone damage and detect lesions or fractures.
Bone Survey: A series of X-rays taken from various parts of the body, such as the spine, ribs, skull, and pelvis, to evaluate the extent of bone involvement.
Cytogenetic Testing: This test looks for specific genetic abnormalities in the cancer cells, which can help determine the prognosis and guide treatment decisions.
Serum-Free Light Chain Assay: This blood test measures the levels of free light chains, which are proteins produced by myeloma cells.
Early Detection and Treatment:
Detecting multiple myeloma in its early stages can be challenging because the symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble other conditions. However, early detection can significantly impact the prognosis and treatment outcomes.
If you or someone you know experiences persistent, unexplained symptoms such as bone pain, unexplained weight loss, or frequent infections, it’s essential to seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment by a healthcare professional, typically a hematologist-oncologist, can help manage the disease effectively and improve the quality of life for individuals with multiple myeloma.
In conclusion, multiple myeloma may not show distinct early signs, making it challenging to diagnose in its initial stages. However, as the disease progresses, a combination of symptoms, including bone pain, fatigue, and frequent infections, may become evident. If you suspect you may have multiple myeloma or are concerned about these symptoms, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation and appropriate testing. Early detection and treatment offer the best chances for a favorable outcome.